Tropical Storm 08P


ARCHER-V2 Auto-positioning Information
Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT)
Version 9.0
 

                                         -------FORECAST-----   ----ARCHER---- 50% cert  95% cert Eyewall   Conf Alpha  Eye
     Date/Time(UTC)     Source   Sensor    Lat     Lon   Vmax      Lat     Lon   radius    radius  radius  Score Score  Prob    .
   20200116 21:00:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.30 -178.30  40.0   -14.90 -178.09     0.13      0.37   0.15    0.95 12.85  78.2 GIF
   20200116 21:30:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.40 -178.39  40.0   -14.87 -178.02     0.13      0.36   0.25    0.97 13.16  63.3 GIF
   20200116 22:00:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.49 -178.47  40.0   -14.97 -178.11     0.14      0.39   0.45    0.89 12.01  48.8 GIF
   20200116 22:30:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.59 -178.56  40.0   -15.12 -178.14     0.14      0.39   0.25    0.91 12.31  48.2 GIF
   20200116 23:00:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.69 -178.64  40.0   -15.14 -178.23     0.12      0.34   0.05    1.03 14.05  48.4 GIF
   20200116 23:40:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.81 -178.76  40.0   -15.24 -178.27     0.14      0.38   0.40    0.91 12.33  52.4 GIF
   20200117 00:00:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.88 -178.82  40.0   -15.30 -178.41     0.20      0.57   0.30    0.63  8.30  48.6 GIF
   20200117 00:30:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -14.97 -178.91  40.0   -15.32 -178.57     0.34      0.96   0.05    0.40  4.96  41.9 GIF
   20200117 01:10:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -15.14 -178.99  45.0   -15.52 -178.84     0.28      0.80   0.05    0.47  5.94  46.6 GIF
   20200117 01:30:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -15.21 -179.05  45.0   -15.58 -178.84     0.22      0.63   0.15    0.58  7.52  48.3 GIF
   20200117 02:10:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -15.34 -179.16  45.0   -15.67 -178.90     0.20      0.55   0.05    0.65  8.56  57.2 GIF
   20200117 02:30:00  HIMAWARI      Vis  -15.40 -179.21  45.0   -15.73 -178.90     0.25      0.70   0.45    0.53  6.79  54.9 GIF
   20200117 03:00:00     AMSR2 85-92GHz  -15.30 -179.12  45.0    57.66 -165.80     0.26      0.75    N/A    1.14  6.15   0.0 GIF
   20200117 03:30:00     AMSR2 85-92GHz  -15.30 -179.12  45.0    57.66 -165.80     0.26      0.75    N/A    1.14  5.99   0.0 GIF
   20200117 04:10:00     AMSR2 85-92GHz  -15.30 -179.12  45.0    57.66 -165.80     0.26      0.75    N/A    1.14  5.75   0.0 GIF
   20200117 04:40:00     AMSR2 85-92GHz  -15.30 -179.12  45.0    57.66 -165.80     0.26      0.75    N/A    1.14  5.56   0.0 GIF
   20200117 05:10:00     AMSR2 85-92GHz  -15.30 -179.12  45.0    57.66 -165.80     0.26      0.75    N/A    1.14  5.36   0.0 GIF
   20200117 05:30:00     AMSR2 85-92GHz  -15.30 -179.12  45.0    57.66 -165.80     0.26      0.75    N/A    1.14  5.23   0.0 GIF
   20200117 06:10:00    SSMI16 85-92GHz  -15.86 -179.64  45.0    57.69 -168.03     0.32      0.92    N/A    0.78  5.01   0.0 GIF
   20200117 06:30:00    SSMI16 85-92GHz  -15.86 -179.64  45.0    57.69 -168.03     0.32      0.92    N/A    0.78  4.94   0.0 GIF
   20020107      -16  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -16.22 -180.00  45.0   -17.45 -179.35     0.54      1.53   0.05    0.40  3.11 100.0 GIF
   20020107      -16  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -16.34  179.88  45.0   -15.56  179.86     0.57      1.61   0.05    0.38  2.95 100.0 GIF
   20200117 08:10:00  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -15.73 -179.91  55.0   -15.80 -179.70     0.21      0.59   0.05    0.97  8.01 100.0 GIF
   20020108      -16  HIMAWARI       IR  -15.83  179.98  55.0   -15.65 -179.74     0.17      0.48   0.00    1.20  9.82 100.0 GIF
   20020109      -16  HIMAWARI       IR  -15.89  179.90  55.0   -15.62 -179.71     0.16      0.46   0.00    1.26 10.40  48.5 GIF
   20020109      -16  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.00  179.79  55.0   -15.52 -179.92     0.19      0.53   0.00    1.12  9.01  40.1 GIF
   20020110      -16  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.10  179.68  55.0   -15.57 -179.98     0.16      0.46   0.00    1.25 10.28  48.1 GIF
   20020110      -16  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.20  179.58  55.0   -15.70  179.91     0.34      0.96   0.05    0.71  4.92  47.2 GIF
   20020111      -16  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.31  179.47  55.0   -16.08  179.65     0.30      0.85   0.05    0.77  5.59  49.7 GIF
   20020111      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.45  179.33  55.0   -16.15  179.54     0.22      0.61   0.50    1.00  7.78  59.8 GIF
   20020112      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.55  179.23  55.0   -16.20  179.46     0.28      0.80   0.45    0.81  5.89  45.3 GIF
   20020112      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.62  179.16  55.0   -16.35  179.35     0.36      1.02   0.05    0.68  4.66  46.2 GIF
   20020113      -17  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -16.76  179.03  55.0   -16.74  178.69     0.17      0.49   0.05    1.17  9.77 100.0 GIF
   20020113      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.83  178.96  55.0   -16.78  178.70     0.90      2.54   0.05    0.40  1.87  57.2 GIF
   20020114      -16  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -16.94  178.86  55.0   -17.19  177.98     0.47      1.33   0.05    0.45  3.56 100.0 GIF
   20020114      -17  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -16.42  178.58  65.0   -16.72  178.45     0.36      1.02   0.05    0.51  4.63 100.0 GIF
   20020115      -17  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -16.57  178.44  65.0   -16.22  177.92     0.26      0.72   0.05    0.71  6.58 100.0 GIF
   20020115      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.68  178.33  65.0   -17.43  178.33     0.17      0.48   0.40    1.14  9.88  49.6 GIF
   20020116      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.86  178.27  65.0   -17.63  178.19     0.16      0.45   0.05    1.20 10.46  56.2 GIF
   20020116      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -16.97  178.17  65.0   -17.39  178.06     0.24      0.67   0.05    0.85  7.05  51.6 GIF
   20020117      -17  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -17.07  178.06  65.0   -17.55  177.65     0.13      0.38   0.05    1.32 12.58 100.0 GIF
   20020117      -17  HIMAWARI   NearIR  -17.15  178.00  65.0   -17.12  178.78     0.15      0.42   0.05    1.20 11.43 100.0 GIF
   20020118      -17  HIMAWARI       IR  -17.25  177.90  65.0   -17.73  177.45     0.24      0.69   0.50    0.83  6.88  79.1 GIF
   20020118      -18  HIMAWARI      Vis  -17.36  177.80  65.0   -17.81  177.64     0.19      0.55   0.35    0.60  8.69 100.0 GIF
   20020119      -18  HIMAWARI      Vis  -17.46  177.70  65.0   -17.91  177.64     0.20      0.56   0.20    0.58  8.47 100.0 GIF
   20020119      -18  GOESOES1      Vis  -17.64  177.53  65.0   -18.04  177.76     0.25      0.72   0.05    0.45  6.61  71.4 GIF
   20020120      -18  GOESOES1      Vis  -18.45  176.85  70.0   -18.32  176.91     0.12      0.33   0.15    0.92 14.19  66.6 GIF
   20020120      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -18.56  176.74  70.0   -18.44  176.76     0.10      0.29   0.15    1.08 16.50  74.3 GIF
   20020121      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -18.68  176.62  70.0   -18.70  176.73     0.11      0.30   0.25    1.03 15.80  65.6 GIF
   20020121      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -18.80  176.50  70.0   -18.65  176.61     0.11      0.32   0.05    0.97 14.98  61.5 GIF
   20020122      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -18.91  176.38  70.0   -18.79  176.46     0.09      0.27   0.05    1.16 17.74  75.0 GIF
   20020122      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.03  176.27  70.0   -18.95  176.29     0.08      0.24   0.50    1.32 20.06  73.1 GIF
   20020123      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.14  176.15  70.0   -19.04  176.20     0.09      0.25   0.40    1.25 19.00  73.9 GIF
   20020123      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.26  176.03  70.0   -19.23  176.16     0.10      0.28   0.50    1.11 17.01  68.7 GIF
   20011231      -19  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.37  175.91  70.0   -19.35  176.02     0.12      0.33   0.05    0.93 14.45  61.3 GIF
   20011231      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.49  175.80  70.0   -19.39  176.01     0.12      0.33   0.25    0.92 14.18  59.3 GIF
   20020101      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.61  175.68  70.0   -19.41  175.73     0.12      0.33   0.50    0.93 14.40  56.0 GIF
   20020101      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.72  175.56  70.0   -19.60  175.67     0.13      0.37   0.50    0.82 12.85  74.9 GIF
   20020102      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.65  175.75  70.0   -19.55  175.81     0.10      0.27   0.20    1.15 17.64  94.6 GIF
   20020102      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.76  175.64  70.0   -19.64  175.74     0.10      0.29   0.40    1.05 16.19  96.6 GIF
   20020103      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -19.88  175.52  70.0   -19.73  175.71     0.11      0.31   0.45    0.99 15.30  98.9 GIF
   20020103      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -20.00  175.40  70.0   -19.75  175.64     0.11      0.31   0.50    0.99 15.32 100.0 GIF
   20020104      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -20.12  175.29  70.0   -19.97  175.34     0.11      0.30   0.15    1.02 15.71 100.0 GIF
   20020104      -20  GOESOES1      Vis  -20.23  175.17  70.0   -20.06  175.22     0.09      0.27   0.05    1.16 17.78 100.0 GIF
   20020105      -20  GOESOES1       IR  -20.35  175.05  70.0   -20.18  174.86     0.18      0.50   0.05    1.04  9.57 100.0 GIF
   20020105      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -20.47  174.93  70.0   -20.30  174.77     0.22      0.63   0.10    0.83  7.57 100.0 GIF
   20020106      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -20.59  174.82  70.0   -20.17  174.84     0.15      0.42   0.05    1.23 11.41 100.0 GIF
   20020106      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -20.71  174.70  70.0   -20.26  174.78     0.20      0.57   0.05    0.92  8.39  98.6 GIF
   20020107      -21  GOESOES1   NearIR  -20.83  174.58  70.0   -20.28  174.23     0.14      0.41   0.15    1.10 11.64 100.0 GIF
   20020107      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -20.95  174.46  70.0   -20.43  174.20     0.12      0.34   0.15    1.49 13.87 100.0 GIF
   20020108      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -21.08  174.35  70.0   -20.58  174.08     0.13      0.36   0.10    1.41 13.11 100.0 GIF
   20020108      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -21.20  174.23  70.0   -20.67  174.04     0.14      0.40   0.05    1.28 11.92 100.0 GIF
   20020109      -21  GOESOES1   NearIR  -20.99  174.11  70.0   -20.66  173.85     0.18      0.50   0.05    0.90  9.48 100.0 GIF
   20020109      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -21.12  173.99  70.0   -20.52  173.59     0.16      0.44   0.05    1.16 10.75  98.6 GIF
   20020110      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -21.25  173.87  70.0   -20.72  173.39     0.19      0.54   0.05    0.96  8.78 100.0 GIF
   20020110      -21  GOESOES1       IR  -21.38  173.75  70.0   -21.00  173.40     0.19      0.55   0.10    0.94  8.61  95.1 GIF
   20020111      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -21.50  173.63  70.0   -20.93  173.12     0.31      0.88   0.05    0.61  5.41  69.8 GIF
   20020111      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -21.63  173.51  70.0   -21.36  173.13     0.16      0.44   0.05    1.17 10.81  91.3 GIF
   20020112      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -21.76  173.39  70.0   -21.51  173.01     0.21      0.58   0.05    0.89  8.14  63.3 GIF
   20020112      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -21.89  173.27  70.0   -21.62  172.95     0.39      1.11   0.40    0.49  4.27  49.5 GIF
   20020113      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -22.02  173.15  70.0   -21.92  172.53     0.24      0.67   0.05    0.79  7.13  61.2 GIF
   20020113      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -22.15  173.03  70.0   -22.13  172.57     0.90      2.53   0.05    0.21  1.87  43.3 GIF
   20020114      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -22.29  172.91  70.0   -21.89  172.34     0.31      0.87   0.05    0.61  5.45  61.5 GIF
   20020114      -23  GOESOES1       IR  -22.42  172.79  70.0   -22.35  171.93     0.21      0.58   0.05    0.89  8.12  75.8 GIF
   20020115      -22  GOESOES1       IR  -22.40  172.21  65.0   -22.35  171.61     0.34      0.95   0.05    0.64  4.97  60.0 GIF
   20020115      -23  GOESOES1       IR  -22.55  172.08  65.0   -22.45  171.45     0.34      0.95   0.05    0.64  5.01  54.7 GIF
   20020116      -23  GOESOES1       IR  -22.69  171.94  65.0   -22.54  171.29     0.53      1.50   0.05    0.45  3.16  47.9 GIF
   20020116      -23  GOESOES1       IR  -22.84  171.81  65.0   -22.91  171.02     0.35      1.00   0.05    0.62  4.74  83.1 GIF
   20020117      -23  GOESOES1       IR  -22.98  171.67  65.0   -22.93  170.97     0.22      0.63   0.10    0.90  7.51  71.5 GIF
   20020117      -23  GOESOES1       IR  -23.13  171.54  65.0   -23.08  170.86     0.23      0.64   0.20    0.89  7.39  65.0 GIF
   20020118      -23  GOESOES1      Vis  -23.27  171.40  65.0   -23.37  170.80     0.20      0.56   0.10    0.58  8.44  69.2 GIF
   20020118      -24  GOESOES1       IR  -23.42  171.27  65.0   -23.47  170.39     0.17      0.47   0.05    1.16 10.10  68.4 GIF
   20020119      -24  GOESOES1      Vis  -23.57  171.13  65.0   -23.64  170.45     0.18      0.50   0.30    0.66  9.56  68.8 GIF
   20020119      -24  GOESOES1      Vis  -23.71  170.99  65.0   -23.86  170.22     0.20      0.56   0.40    0.58  8.45  58.0 GIF
   20020120      -24  GOESOES1      Vis  -23.86  170.85  65.0   -24.06  170.33     0.21      0.60   0.25    0.55  7.95  47.9 GIF
   20020120      -24  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.01  170.71  65.0   -24.11  170.30     0.31      0.88   0.30    0.37  5.39  42.0 GIF
   20020121      -24  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.11  170.50  60.0   -24.31  170.01     0.21      0.59   0.10    0.62  8.06  52.5 GIF
   20020121      -24  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.28  170.35  60.0   -24.33  169.86     0.18      0.51   0.25    0.70  9.33  56.1 GIF
   20020122      -25  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.44  170.21  60.0   -24.49  169.69     0.18      0.51   0.25    0.70  9.34  57.1 GIF
   20020122      -25  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.60  170.06  60.0   -24.68  169.54     0.16      0.46   0.35    0.78 10.37  51.9 GIF
   20020123      -25  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.77  169.92  60.0   -24.87  169.26     0.19      0.55   0.25    0.66  8.68  48.0 GIF
   20020123      -25  GOESOES1      Vis  -24.93  169.77  60.0   -25.15  169.14     0.16      0.46   0.15    0.78 10.42  49.7 GIF
   20011231      -25  GOESOES1      Vis  -25.09  169.63  60.0   -25.09  168.91     0.12      0.35   0.35    0.99 13.53  49.6 GIF
   20011231      -25  GOESOES1      Vis  -25.26  169.48  60.0   -25.31  168.74     0.14      0.40   0.50    0.87 11.74  48.1 GIF
   20020101      -26  GOESOES1      Vis  -25.42  169.34  60.0   -25.42  168.73     0.12      0.34   0.20    1.02 13.87  48.9 GIF
   20020101      -26  GOESOES1      Vis  -25.59  169.20  60.0   -25.64  168.64     0.13      0.36   0.05    0.98 13.25  60.6 GIF
   20020102      -26  GOESOES1      Vis  -25.88  168.90  55.0   -25.73  168.32     0.14      0.39   0.50    0.91 12.27  53.3 GIF
   20020102      -26  GOESOES1      Vis  -26.05  168.75  55.0   -26.00  168.16     0.21      0.60   0.50    0.61  7.92  49.6 GIF
   20020103      -26  GOESOES1      Vis  -26.22  168.60  55.0   -26.34  168.26     0.52      1.46   0.10    0.28  3.24  49.0 GIF
   20020103      -26  GOESOES1      Vis  -26.39  168.44  55.0   -26.34  167.83     0.34      0.96   0.25    0.40  4.94  61.4 GIF
   20020104      -27  GOESOES1      Vis  -26.56  168.29  55.0   -26.73  167.59     0.27      0.76   0.25    0.49  6.24 100.0 GIF
   20020104      -27  GOESOES1   NearIR  -26.73  168.14  55.0   -26.43  167.38     1.20      3.38   0.05    0.20  1.40  10.8 GIF
   20020105      -27  GOESOES1   NearIR  -26.90  167.98  55.0   -26.63  166.78     0.90      2.53   0.05    0.26  1.87  44.2 GIF
   20020105      -27  GOESOES1   NearIR  -27.08  167.83  55.0   -26.68  166.53     0.63      1.79   0.05    0.35  2.65  47.7 GIF
   20020106      -27  GOESOES1       IR  -27.25  167.67  55.0   -27.08  166.66     0.34      0.96   0.05    0.71  4.95  59.8 GIF
   20020106      -28  GOESOES1   NearIR  -27.43  167.51  55.0   -27.41  166.19     0.26      0.74   0.05    0.78  6.40  85.7 GIF
   20020107      -28  GOESOES1   NearIR  -27.61  167.36  55.0   -27.36  166.12     0.60      1.71   0.05    0.36  2.78  62.0 GIF
   20020107      -28  GOESOES1   NearIR  -27.79  167.20  55.0   -28.01  166.13     0.99      2.80   0.05    0.24  1.69  48.2 GIF
   20020108      -29  GOESOES1       IR  -28.71  166.36  55.0   -27.79  165.28     0.28      0.79   0.05    0.82  6.01  82.2 GIF
   20020108      -29  GOESOES1   NearIR  -28.93  166.16  55.0   -28.21  165.05     0.29      0.82   0.05    0.71  5.78  78.2 GIF
   20020109      -29  GOESOES1   NearIR  -29.15  165.96  55.0   -28.42  164.93     0.90      2.54   0.05    0.26  1.87  48.1 GIF
   20020109      -29  GOESOES1   NearIR  -29.36  165.77  55.0   -28.64  164.76     0.50      1.42   0.05    0.43  3.34  65.9 GIF
   20020110      -30  GOESOES1   NearIR  -29.58  165.57  55.0   -28.76  164.30     0.40      1.14   0.05    0.52  4.15  63.8 GIF
   20020110      -30  GOESOES1   NearIR  -29.80  165.37  55.0   -28.90  164.39     0.34      0.96   0.10    0.61  4.94  67.0 GIF
   20020111      -30  GOESOES1   NearIR  -30.01  165.17  55.0   -29.24  163.85     0.26      0.75   0.05    0.77  6.36  73.0 GIF
   20020111      -30  GOESOES1   NearIR  -30.23  164.98  55.0   -29.43  163.47     0.35      0.98   0.05    0.60  4.84  64.9 GIF
   20020112      -31  GOESOES1   NearIR  -30.45  164.78  55.0   -29.47  163.62     0.70      1.97   0.05    0.32  2.40  48.3 GIF
   20020112      -31  GOESOES1   NearIR  -30.66  164.59  55.0   -29.79  163.16     0.45      1.28   0.05    0.47  3.72  68.7 GIF
   20020113      -31  GOESOES1   NearIR  -30.88  164.39  55.0   -30.33  163.02     0.45      1.26   0.05    0.48  3.77  62.1 GIF
   20020113      -31  GOESOES1   NearIR  -31.10  164.20  55.0   -30.15  163.15     0.76      2.16   0.10    0.30  2.20  49.4 GIF
   20020114      -31  GOESOES1   NearIR  -31.31  164.00  55.0   -30.64  162.60     1.50      4.23   0.05    0.17  1.12  45.5 GIF
   20020114      -32  GOESOES1       IR  -31.53  163.81  55.0   -30.41  163.22     0.39      1.10   0.05    0.64  4.30  95.1 GIF
   20020115      -32  GOESOES1       IR  -31.75  163.62  55.0   -32.15  162.41     3.36      9.49   0.05    0.18  0.50  47.5 GIF
   20020115      -32  GOESOES1       IR  -31.96  163.43  55.0   -32.41  162.22     3.36      9.49   0.05    0.04  0.50   6.4 GIF
   20020116      -32  GOESOES1   NearIR  -32.18  163.23  55.0   -32.58  161.99     1.80      5.09   0.05    0.15  0.93  16.6 GIF
   20020116      -32  GOESOES1       IR  -32.40  163.04  55.0   -31.57  161.92     0.99      2.79   0.05    0.38  1.70  51.3 GIF
   20020117      -33  GOESOES1   NearIR  -32.61  162.85  55.0   -33.29  161.40     1.09      3.08   0.05    0.22  1.54  27.0 GIF
 
 
Key:

  - Date/Time: UTC time. If this observation is used in the track it is marked with a "*". If it is used for its own 30-minute window, it is put in bold.

  - Source/sensor: Satellite source of the analyzed image.

  - Vmax: Maximum winds listed in the forecast center analysis/forecast, *not* ARCHER.

  - ARCHER lat/lon: Coordinates of the ARCHER algorithm, valid at the time of the observation. If no center fix could be found, then it is "***".

  - Geo ref lat/lon: Coordinates of the ARCHER algorithm, valid at the time of the *nearest geo image*.

  - 50% cert. rad.: Radius of the circle (in degrees) that defines the area in which the ARCHER center of rotation is 50% certain. The lower the number, the more certain the position.

  - 95% cert. rad.: Radius of the circle (in degrees) that defines the area in which the ARCHER center of rotation is 95% certain.

  - Eye diam (deg): ARCHER-resolved eye diameter (in degrees). Green: robust, yellow: less certain, red: not robust.

  - % cert. of eye: Percent certainty that an eye exists in this image, determined by ARCHER. Currently only available for IR and 85-92 GHz imagery.

 
Links to related versions:
  - Track Plot
  - Summary table
  - Intensity Estimation